অপচয়-অপব্যয়ের মহানামা

যে কোন দারিদ্রসীমা অতিক্রান্তেচ্ছু দেশের নেতৃত্ব সর্বাগ্রে তার দেশবাসীর ট্যাক্সের টাকার সর্বোত্তম ও সর্বোচ্চ সদ্ব্যবহার করতে দৃঢসংকল্পবদ্ধ থাকে। সর্বনি¤œ ব্যয়ে টেকসই নির্মান সে দেশের প্রায়রিটি বলে বিবেচিত হয়। এবং সেটা কোন অলীক অবাস্তব বিষয় নয়। যদি দেশের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা ব্যক্তিরা, দেশের নেতৃত্ব প্রকৃত দেশপ্রেমিক হন তবে তাদের প্রধান লক্ষ্য থাকে দেশকে তারা কি দিচ্ছেন ও দেবেন এবং কত সাশ্রয়ীভাবে তা দেবেন। কিন্তু অত্যন্ত পরিতাপ ও হতাশার বিষয় এ দেশে সেটা যেন হবার নয়। এদেশে এক বছরের কাজ ৪/৫ বছরে গড়ায়; ব্যয়ের অংকও সেই সাথে গানিতিক হারে বাড়তে থাকে। কৈফিয়ত নেবারও কেউ নেই, দেবারও কেউ নেই। টপ টু বটম এই ধারনারই বাহক ও পোষক - লাগে টাকা দেবে গৌরী সেন। এসব কারনেই যে ফ্লাইওভার সমাপ্ত হতে ২/২১/২ বছর লাগার কথা তা ৫/৬ বছরেও হয় না। হাজার কোটি টাকার প্রকল্প দ্বিগুন ত্রিগুন অর্থ হজম করে ফেলে। আর এ কারনে সংশ্লিষ্ট কর্মকর্তা বা ঠিকাদারকেও কোন রকমের জবাবদিহি করতে হয় না। অথচ উন্নয়নের একটা গুরুত্বপুর্ন দিক হলো টাইমফ্রেম এবং বরাদ্দকৃত বাজেট কঠিনভাবে মেনে চলা। এ ব্যাপারে আমাদেও বাম নেতাদেরও তো জানা থাকার কথা যে সোভিয়েত রাশিয়ার স্ট্যালিন তার পঞ্চবার্ষিকী পরিকল্পনা বাস্তবায়ন করতে কতজন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার ও টিকাদারকে বুলডোজারের নীচে পাঠিয়েছিলেন। তার ফল এই হয়েছিল যে পাঁচসালা পরিকল্পনা বাস্তবায়ন ৫/৬ মাস আগেই কার্যকর করা সম্ভব হয়েছিল। শুধু তাই নয়, কৃষিপ্রধান রাশিয়া মাত্র এক দশকের মধ্যে ইউরেশিয়ার অন্যতম শিল্পপ্রধান দেশে পরিণত হয়েছিল। 
এই যানজটে শ্বাসরুদ্ধকারী রাাজধানী শহরে স্থানাভাব তথা স্থান সংকুলানের লক্ষ্যে একই ভুমি একাধিক উদ্দেশ্যে কাজে লাগানো একান্তভাবে কাম্য ছিল। এজন্য একজন ’আম আদমী’ হিসেবে বেশ কয়েকবার একাধিক প্রস্তাব বিভিন্ন মাধ্যমে রিখেছিলাম। যদিও দেরীতে এবং অতিরিক্ত ব্যয়ে, তবুও প্লট বিক্রীর পরিবর্তে হাই রাইজ এপার্টমেন্ট প্রকল্পের মত কিছু কাজ (এ অধমের লেখালেখিতে তা হয়েছে বলে দাবী করছি না। তবে যে কারনে বা যাদের পরামর্শেই হোক) হয়েছে, তবে আরো অনেক কিছুই করার ছিল বা আছে। যেমন ফ্লাইওভার প্রকল্প হিসেবে অন্ততঃ দোয়েল চত্বর বা শাহবাগ থেকে গাবতলী এবং গাজীপুর পর্যন্ত বর্তমান সড়কের ডিভাইডার সরিয়ে সেখানে কংক্রিট পিলার ফর্মেশনের মাধ্যমে উড়াল সড়ক করলে যেমন জমির সাশ্রয় হতো, তেমনি অতিরিক্ত জমি অধিগ্রহন ব্যয় শুন্য হবার ফলে মোট ব্যয়ও উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে কম হতো। উন্নত দেশে দেখেছি কন্সট্রাকশন ইকুইপমেন্ট হিসেবে পাইলিং ও সুপারস্ট্রাকচার বানানোর আধুনিক যন্ত্রপাতির মাধ্যমে কত সহজে বড় বড় পিলার বসিয়ে উপরে প্রি-কাস্ট কংক্রিট স্প্যান বসিয়ে অতি কম সময়ে বহু লম্বা সড়ক নির্মান করা হচ্ছে। তাতে বর্তমানের মত জনসাধারনের ভোগান্তি ও অপব্যয়-অতিব্যয়ও বহুলাংশে কমে যেত। উপরন্তু ঐসব সড়ক নির্ধারিত হারে টোল পরিশোধের মাধ্যমে কেবল হাল্কা মোটরযানের (সর্বোচ্চ পাঁচ টন) জন্য করা হলেও কয়েক বছরের মধ্যেই সড়কের ব্যয়ও উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে উঠে যেত। সেই সাথে নগরের যানজট সমস্যারও বহুলাংশে সমাধান হতে পারত। তবে এসব প্রস্তাব কোটারী স্বার্থের অনুকুলে নয় বলেই সরকারের কর্তা ব্যক্তিদের নেক নজরে পড়বে বলে ভরসা প্রায় শুন্য। তাই কি আর কর্!া

Hi guys, good evening. Last night I talked about the uses of Passive verbs. Now let's talk about some exceptional uses of a few words with their position in the sentence. Look below:
He is such a nice man that everybody likes him.
He is so nice a man that everybody likes him.
He followed his teacher; so do I. (not I do so.)
Such is his position in the company that all obey his order.
So much for now. More when we meet next. (not for now so much)
I don't know any man such as he. (such as he does.)
I don't know any man such as him. (such as I know him.)
I hit the ball hard. (not hardly)
Stand here. You first. (not you firstly)
He went on. (ordinary expression)
On he went. (=>He went on and on.) 
That's all for now guys. Ask any question if you like. Good night. Sweet dreams.
For convenience you can visit my blog S. Ali's Monologue
http://sardarsali-bangladeshtour.blogpost.com 

Hi guys, how are you? Coming back after a brief recess. I guess I've discussed a good number of basic grammar items in the meantime. Tonight let's talk about the use of passive verbs. Look below:
Active Verb:    The Romans did not build Rome in a day.   (not commonly used)
Passive Verb:  Rome was not built in a day. (commonly used)
Active Verb: They say he is very rich.
Passive Verb: He is said to be very rich.
Active Verb: People may regain lost money, lost health but not lost honour. (very uncommon)
Passive Verb: Lost money, lost health can be regained, but not lost honour.
Active Verb: The school management ordered the school to be closed for the next week. (very                                  uncommon)
Passive Verb: The school has been closed for the next week. (disregard tense)
Active Verb:  The authority has passed this order that none is allowed to leave before 4.00 p.m.
Passive Verb: An order has been passed that none shall leave before 4.00 p.m. 
Active Verb: The Judge ordered to hang the criminal to death.
Passive Verb: The criminal was ordered to be hanged to death. (although not strictly grammatical) 
  The above are a few example how passive verbs can be used to shorten the sentence and also to make its meaning simple and easy.                                                                               
  That's all for now guys. Good night and sweet dreams.
N.B.: For easier reading and understanding visit my blog: S. Ali's Monologue>
       http://sardarsali-bangladeshtour.blogpost.com

পাকিস্তানের সাথে বাংলাদেশের তুলনা? এত্তবড় ---!
বাংলাদেশের মাননীয় প্রধান বিচারপতি (তাঁর আরো ছয় জন সহযোগী বিচারপতিসহ) সাম্প্রতিক সময়ে ষোড়শ সংশোধনী বাতিলের রায় প্রসঙ্গে কিছু পর্যবেক্ষন দিয়েছেন। তা নিয়ে সরকারী দলের হৈ চৈ ও কঠোর সমালোচনার জবাবে মাননীয় প্রধান বিচারপতি প্রসঙ্গক্রমে পাকিস্তানের বিচার বিভাগের কথা বলেছেন। এতে আমাদের মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী প্রচন্ড ক্ষুব্ধ তো হয়েছেনই, সেই সাথে সরকারের চাঁই চাঁই ব্যক্তিরা একেবারে শেয়ালের হুক্কাহুয়া রব তুলে যে শোরগোল শুরু করেছেন তাতে আম পাবলিকও বেশ হকচকিয়ে গেছে। তাদের ঘোর ক্ষোভ ও ক্রোধের কারন –পাকিস্তানের সাথে আমাদের তুলনা! এত্তবড় সাহস! সত্যিই তো। কোথায় বাংলাদেশ আর কোথায় পাকিস্তান! যতদুর বিভিন্ন মিডিয়ার কল্যানে জানা যায় তাদের সাথে আমাদের দেশের কোন তুলনাই হতে পারে না। কারন, উদাহরন দেখা যাক -----
১. পাকিস্তানের বিচার বিভাগ তার প্রশাসনিক বিভাগ থেকে এত শক্তিশালী যে সেখানে একজন প্রধান বিচারপতির সাথে (প্রধান বিচারপতি জনাব ইফতিখার চৌধুরী) গোলমাল বাধিয়ে পারভেজ মোশাররফ সাহেব ক্ষমতা ধরে রাখতে পারেন নি। এবার আবার নওয়াজ শরিফকেও প্রধানমন্ত্রীর পদ থেকে সরে যেতে হয়েছে। কিন্তু বাংলাদেশে? এখন প্রধান বিচারপতির পদ তো দুরে থাক, তাকে দেশ ছাড়া হতে হবে বলে খোদ আরেকজন ’বিপ্লবী’ বিচারপতি হুমকি দিয়ে দিয়েছেন। সরকারী দলের অংগ সংগঠনের কেউ কেউ নাকি আবার তার জীবন নাশেরও হুমকি দিচ্ছে, যার প্রেক্ষিতে মাননীয় বিচারপতিকে বলতে হয়েছে ’জীবন দিতেও তিনি প্রস্তুত আছেন; তবুও তাঁর নীতি পাল্টাবেন না।
২. পাকিস্তানের লোক এমন ভয়ংকর যে সেখানে ’অনার কিলিং-এর নামে দু-একজন মেয়ের জীবন যায়। কিন্তু তারা এত সাহসী নয় যে ৩/৪ বছরের শিশু মেয়েকেও তারা যৌন লালসার শিকারে পরিণত করে। এমন কি তারা মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সময়ও কোন শিশু মেয়েকে ধর্ষণ করেছে বলে খবর পাওয়া যায় নি। কিন্তু স্বাধীন সোনার বাংলাদেশে শিশু-তরুনী-যুবতী নির্বিশেষে নির্যাতন, ধর্ষণ ও হত্যা সব রেকর্ড ভঙ্গ করে ফেলেছে। মজার ব্যাপার হচ্ছে যে সে দেশে সর্বোচ্চ পদে মহিলাদের সংখ্যা একেবারেই নগন্য যদিও বাংলাদেশের প্রায় অর্ধ ডজন সর্বোচ্চ পদাধিকারী মহিলা। আরো ব্যাপার যে তাদের পুরুষরা বাংলাদেশের পুরুষদের মত এত দ্রুতগতিতে জনসংখ্যা ১৬ কোটি ছাড়াতে পারে নি। তাদের পৌরুষের অভাব যে কতটা প্রকট, ঐ সব ঘটনা থেকেই তা প্রমানিত।
৩. পাকিস্তান ভেঙে যাবার পর তাদের কোন কলকারখানা দেনার দায়ে দেউলিয়া হয়ে বন্ধ করে দিতে হয়েছে, এটা কোন সংবাদে পাওয়া যায় নি। কিন্তু বাংলাদেশে ’সোনার ডিম পাড়া আদমজী জুট মিল’ স্বাধীনতার এক দেড় যুগের ভেতরেই তেরশ’ কোটি টাকা দেনা মাথায় নিয়ে পটল তুলেছে। তাছাড়া পাকিস্তান আমলে যে সব কলকারখানা গড়ে উঠেছিল বাংলাদেশের ধুরন্ধর, তিলিসমাত রাজনীতিক ও কর্মকর্তাদের কারনে সেগুলোও হয় বন্ধ, নয় অকেজো হয়ে পড়েছে। পাকিস্তানীরা যে এসব ব্যাপারে একেবারেই নাবালক সেটা আর বলার অপেক্ষা রাখে না।
৪. পাকিস্তান ভেঙে যাবার পর এই ছেচল্লিশ বছরে সেখান থেকে হাজার দশেক কোটি টাকা পাচার হয়েছে বলেও তেমন কোন খবর পাওয়া না গেলেও বাংলাদেশ থেকে কেবল বিগত ৮/৯ বছরে ছয় লাখ কোটি টাকারও বেশী বিদেশে পাচার হয়ে গেছে বলে বাংলাদেশের বিভিন্ন মিডিয়াতেই প্রকাশ। এমন কি খোদ রাস্ট্রীয় ব্যাংক থেকে হাজার কোটি টাকা গায়েব করে দেবার ঘটনাও সেখানে ঘটানোর মত উদাহরন নেই। সে দেশে তাবড় তাবড় খাণ খেলাপীরা ব্যাংকের টাকা মেরে সরকারের বিরাট উচ্চপদে বসে আছে এটাও জানা যায় না। এসব ব্যাপারেও ঐ ব্যাটা পাকিস্তানীরা বহু বহু দুর পিছিয়ে।
৫. সেখানে বেকারের সংখ্যা বা শতকরা কত তা জানা না গেলেও সে দেশ থেকে জীবন-জীবিকার তাগিদে খুব বেশী লোক অবৈধভাবে পালিয়ে ইউরোপ-আমেরিকায় বা মালয়েশিয়া-সিংগাপুর গেছে বলে খবর পাওয়া যায় নি। কিন্তু এই সোনার বাংলাদেশ থেকে লাখ লাখ যুবক জীবনের ঝুঁকি নিয়ে হলেও সাগর-মহাসাগর পাড়ি দিয়ে ঐ সব দেশে গেছে ও যাচ্ছে। একমাত্র ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়নভুক্ত দেশেই নাকি প্রায় লাখ খানেক বাংলাদেশী অবৈধভাবে ঢুকেছে যার জন্য এখন তারা বাংলাদেশের ওপরই চাপ সুষ্টি করেছে তাদেরকে ফিরিয়ে আনার জন্য। এমনকি পাকিস্তানীরা তাদের মা-বোনদেরকে কোন মুসলিম দেশেও গৃহকর্মীর নামে (কার্যতঃ) যৌনদাসী পাঠানোর কোন উদ্যোগ নেয়নি যা এই সোনার বাংলাদেশ নিয়েছে।
৬. পাকিস্তানীরা শিক্ষা-দীক্ষায়ও যে কতটা পিছিয়ে সেটা প্রমান হয় এতে যে প্রাচ্যের অক্সফোর্ড নামে (কানা ছেলের নাম পদ্মলোচন-এর মত) খ্যাত এদেশের ঢাকা বিশ্বব্যিালয় বর্তমানে বিশ্বের হাজার খানেক নামকরা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের মধ্যে না থাকলেও তাদের একাধিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় সেই তালিকায় আছে বলে জানা যায়। এছাড়া তাদের কোন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে ছাত্র-শিক্ষক মারামারি হাতাহাতি করেছে এত বড় সাহসিকতার (?!) খবরও পাওয়া যায় নি। বিশেষ কোন ছাত্র সংগঠন অপরাপর সব ছাত্র-ছাত্রীকে ’পায়ের ভৃত্য’-তে পরিনত করেছে এটাও জানা যায় নি।
৭. পাকিস্তানীরা এতটাই অকর্মা যে তাদের মধ্যে বিশ-পঁচিশ জনও কোন নির্বাচনে বিনা ভোটে সংসদ সদস্য হতে সাহস করে নি। যদিও বাংলাদেশে অন্ততঃ একশত চুয়ান্ন জন মহা সাহসিকতার সাথে বিনা ভোটে নির্বাচিত (??!!) হয়ে ইতিহাস সৃষ্টি করেছে। তাদের সরকারও এমন করিৎকর্মা হতে পারে নি যে জনগনের নির্বাচিত কয়েকশ’ জনপ্রতিনিধিকে ¯্রফে কলমের খোঁচায় বরখাস্ত করে।
৮. পাকিস্তানের বর্ডারে ভারতের বিএসএফ গোলাগুলি করতে দশবার চিন্তা করে; কারন, শোনা যায়, একজন পাকিস্তানী মারা গেলে তারা ৩/৪ জন ভারতীয়কে হত্যা করে তবে ক্ষান্ত হয়। কিন্তু বাংলাদেশে ব্যাপারটা একেবারেই উল্টো। এখানে ’মেরেছ কলসীর কানা, তা বলে কি প্রেম দেব না? - এই নীতি চলে। বাংলাদেশী কেউ বিএসএফ-এর গুলিতে মারা পড়লে বাংলাদেশের সীমান্তে ’গার্ড বাহিনী’ বিএসএফ-এর সৈন্যদেরকে বিশেষভাবে আপ্যায়ন করে পুলকিত চিত্তে তাদের কাছ থেকে লাশ গ্রহন করে (অবশ্য যদি তারা দয়া করে সেটা ফেরত দেয়) দেশের মানুষকে কৃতার্থ করে।
৯. পাকিস্তানে সন্ত্রাসী ঘটনা ঘটে, সন্ত্রাসী হামলা হয় এটা ঠিক। তবে সেখানে আইন-শৃংখলা রক্ষা বাহিনীর নামে বিরোধী রাজনীতিকদেরকে গুম-খুন করার এবং সে সব ঘটনা ধামাচাপা দেবার জন্য কোরাস গাইবার মত ’বন্দুকযুদ্ধের’ কাহিনী তেমন শোনা যায় না। শোনা যায় না আইন-শৃংখলা বাহিনীর সদস্য কর্তৃক এমন সাত সাতজনকে অবলীলায় খুন করে নদীতে ভাসিয়ে দেওয়ার মহা সাহসিকতার কাহিনী।
১০. পাকিস্তান তার নাম পেয়েছে জন্মের সাথে। ইতিহাসে কখনো পাকিস্তানের নাম কোথাও ছিল বলে প্রমান নেই। তবুও পাকিস্তানের ¯্রষ্টার নামে রাস্তাঘাট, মাঠ-ময়দান, দালান-কোঠা, ব্রিজ-কালভার্ট সেই ’পিতার’ নামে, হয় নি। মহান প্রতিবেশী ভারতের জাতির পিতা মহাত্মা গান্ধীর নামেও তা হয় নি। ভিয়েতনাম নিজেদের সাথে ও বিশ্বের সর্বাপেক্ষা ক্ষমতাধর মার্কিনীদের সাথে এক যুগেরও বেশী লড়াই করেছে। সেখানে কত লাখ মানুষ মারা গেছে তার কোন হিসাব নেই। তবু সেই কঠিন যুদ্ধে তাদের নেতৃত্বদানকারী তাদের অবিসংবাদিত নেতা হো চি মিন্হ-এর নামে দেশে আনাচে কানাচে নামকরনের হিড়িক পড়ে নি। একইভাবে নেলসন ম্যান্ডেলার মত বিশ্বনন্দিত নেতার নামেও দক্ষিন আফ্রিকার মাঠ-ময়দান নামাংকিত হয় নি। কিন্তু বাংলাদেশে জাতির পিতা (অবশ্য বাংলাদেশ নামটি নাকি হাজার বছর ধরেই বিদ্যমান ছিল) মাটি-আকাশ-বাতাস জুড়ে বিরাজমান। কেবল তাই নয়, জনগনের পয়সায় তার পরিবারের নামেই পুরো বাংলাদেশ এখন পরিচিত।
১১. সব শেষে বলতে হয় যে বঙ্গসন্তানদের মত এমন সাহসী কেউ নেই পাকিস্তানে যে তাদের কোন নেতাকে তার শিশু সন্তানসহ তারা একেবারে সবংশে নিধন করতে পেরেছে।
উপরোক্ত বিষয়গুলো বিবেচনায় নিলে পাকিস্তানের সাথে বাংলাদেশের তুলনা করা যে কতটা ”মানহানিকর” সেটা বলাই বাহুল্য।  

Hi guys, how are you? Tonight I'm going to give you some tips regarding some patternized sentences and proverbs. Look below:
এক মাঘে শীত যায় না। > One swallow does not make a summer.
চোরে চোরে মাসতুতো ভাই। > Birds of the same feather flock together.
বাহ্বারম্ভে লঘুক্রিয়া। > Much ado about nothing.
অসারের তর্জন গর্জন সার। > Empty vessels sound much.
পরনিন্দা করা একটা বড় কু-অভ্যাস।> To speak ill of others is a very bad habit.
যেমন কর্ম তেমন ফল। > As you sow, so shall you reap.
 হায়, কি হৃদয় বিদারক দৃশ্য! > Alas, what a heart rending sight!
ক্ষমা একটি স্বর্গীয় গুন। > Forgiveness is a divine virtue.
 আয় বুঝে ব্যয় কর। > Cut your coat according to your cloth.
এক হাতে তালি বাজে না।> It takes two to make a quarrel.
সুখ-দুঃখ পালাক্রমে আসে। > Weal and woe come by turns.
চক চক করলেই সোনা হয় না। > All that glitters is not gold.
নাচতে না জানলে উঠান বাঁকা। > A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
দশের লাঠি একের বোঝা।> Many a little makes a mickle.
অনেক সন্যাসীতে গাজন নষ্ট। > Too many cooks spoil the broth.
 আমার ঘড়িতে এখন চারটা বাজতে পাঁচ মিনিট বাকী। > It's five minutes to four by my watch.
তোমlর ঘড়িতে এখন পাঁচটা বেজে পাঁচ মিনিট। > It's five minutes past five by your watch.
এই আঘাত সে সহ্য করতে পারল না। > He could not survive this shock.
চেঙ্গিজ খানের প্রপৌত্র হালাকু খান বাগদাদ নগরীকে ধ্বংসস্তুপে পরিণত করল। > Halaku Khan, Chengiz Khan's grandson, laid the city of Baghdad in ruins.
কে জানে সে কোথায়? > Who knows where he is?
That's all for now guys. Feel free to ask any question. Good night. Sweet dreams.

Hi guys, how r u? After a short break I'm back again. Tonight I'm going to talk about the method of making compound and complex sentences simple. Many young learners find it difficult; but in fact it's not so. Let's see how it's possible. Look below:
He worked hard and (he) succeeded. >>> He succeeded by hard work/working hard.
He worked hard so he succeeded. >>> His success was due to his hard work.
N.B.:- Both the sentences above can be interchanged and their transformation can also be interchanged. The formula is the same.
Study hard or you will fail. >> Without studying hard you will fail. (Negative)
Study hard and you will get good marks. >> By studying hard you will get good marks. (Positive)
As he was negligent to studies, he failed. >> His failure was due to his negligence to studies.
Since he was negligent to studies, he failed. >> He failed for/due to his negligence to studies.
He failed because he was negligent to studies.>>      As above
N.B.:-Both the sentences above can be interchanged and their transformation can also be interchanged. The formula is the same.
Though he is rich, he is unhappy. >> In spite of his riches, he is unhappy.
He is rich but unhappy. >>> In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
N.B.:-Both the sentences above can be interchanged and their transformation can also be interchanged. The formula is the same.
Summary:
so/and (to indicate result) (+ clause*) >>  as/since/because (+clause) >> due to/for (+ noun/V+ing)
(Al)though/ but (+ clause) >>> In spite of (+ noun/ V+ing -- phrase**);
or (+clause - meaning negative) >> without; and (+clause - meaning positive) >> by (noun/V+ing)
* Clause is a group of words with a finite verb and subject(s), expresserd or not. forming a part of a sentence. It most often acts as a part of speech.
N.B.:- You can change a compound/complex sentence just by replacing the clause with a phrase.
**A phrase is also a group of words but without a subject and a finite verb. It always acts as a single part of speech.
That's all for now guys. We'll discuss more of this topic next time. Meanwhile feel free to ask any question. Good bye.

Hi guys, how are you? Tonight I'm going to give you some tips to identify the part of speech of different words. Learners get confused about how a particular word can be placed in a sentence just because their name they don't know. Now, lets look below:
1. All words ending with 'tion'/sion/ssion/cy/ment/ness/ty etc are nouns.
Ex: meditation, decision, permission, illiteracy, management, kindness, honesty &c
  Exception: station, fragment etc. are verbs and their past form is 'stationed' and 'fragmented' &c
2. Words ending with 'ous', 'ant' etc are usually adjectives. Ex: ferocious, avaricious, famous etc.         Again, hesitant, mendicant, pendant, reluctant etc.
3. To make verbs into nouns, drop (a) 'de' and add 'sion. Ex: decide>decision, deride> derision
       (b) 'ge' and add ment. Ex: manage> management, arrange> arrangement etc
       (c) 't' and add ssion. Ex: admit > admission, permit > permission, remit  > remission
       (d) 'te' and add tion. Ex: meditate > meditation, hesitate > hesitation, oscilate > oscilation
      That's all for now friends. Feel free to ask questions. Good night and sweet dreams.

Hi guys, how r u? I's away for a while. However, I'm back again. Well, we've talked about a good number of grammar items in the meantime. Today I'm going to give you some tips to easily remember some verbs with some formula to change their forms. Look below:
a. Just drop an 'e' and add 'd/t' with the following verbs to change them into past and past participle forms.
    bleed, feed, sleep, flee, weep, keep, meet, creep, (=bled, fed, slept, fled, wept, kept, met, crept...)
b. Replace 'i' with 'a' for past and 'u' for past participle.
    ring, sing, run, swim, sink, shrink, spring, drink, begin (rang/rung, sang/sung ........)
c. Add 'ought' or 'aught' after the first consonant of the following verbs to change their forms.
   bring, catch, buy,  seek, teach, think, (-brought, caught, bought, sought, taught, thought...)
d. Replace 'd' by 't'.
   bend, send, lend, spend, rend, build, dream, deal (bent, sent, lent, spent, rent,.......)
e. Replace 'y' by 'id'.
    lay, pay, say, (laid, paid, said. . . . . . .)
f.  No change needed.
   bid, bet, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, quit, read, spread, thrust, broadcast, telecast, forecast
N.B.: Many students feel very disturbed to keep these verbs and their derivatives in mind. They may find it helpful to easily remember the above verb forms.
Anyway, that's all for now. Good night and sweet dreams. Bye.

Hi friends! Good evening. I'm back again. We've already discussed a good number of grammar items which, I hope, may help young learners. Tonight, let's discuss how complex/compound sentences (statements) can be changed into simple ones. Look below:
                     Complex/Compound                                            Simple
I am so tired that I cannot walk any more.>  I am too tired to walk any more.
You are so idle that you cannot pass. > You are too idle to pass.
He is so rich that he can buy a plane. > He is rich enough to buy a plane.
He is so funny that he made us all laugh. > He funny enough to make us all laugh.
Note: Observe the difference between a negative and an affirmative verb (action) i,e, cannot walk and can buy. Also note that the connective THAT has been omitted in the simple statement.
Though he was hard-working, he failed. > In spite of being hard-working, he failed.
Although he started first, he finished last. > In spite of starting first, he finished last.
Note: (Al)though > In spite of. and the Subject of the first part is omitted. Every other thing remains the same.
He ate his breakfast and sat to study. > Eating/Having eaten his breakfast, he sat to study.
He went home and saw his mother ill. > Going/Having gone home, he saw his mother ill.
Do it and you'll face the consequence. > By doing it, you'll face the consequence.
Unless you do it, you'll be punished. > Without doing it, you'll be punished.
Do it or you'll die. > Without doing it, you'll die.
Friends, do all these seem very difficult? Please take the trouble to ask questions. That's all for now. Good night and sweet dreams.

Hi guys, how are you? Well, last night we talked about the present and past participle forms of verbs using them as nouns and adjectives. Now, as I said, let's see more uses of those verb forms in different contexts. Observe the following passage carefully:
I became ispired by my English teacher to master this language. A dedicated teacher that he was, he always taught us how to write different kinds of sentences bearing more or less the same meaning. Thus, we learnt transforming one kind of sentence into another. He used to set us translating big passages from even Sharatchandra Chatterjee's novels. He said, 'Writing makes a man perfect. Listening to news casting in English helps correcting pronunciation.' He made me deeply interested in reading Shakespeare's plays and sonnets.
Now observe that the words in bold italics have been derived from the base form of the verbs inspire, dedicate, bear, mean, transform, translate, write, listen, cast and read. They are either present or past participle form of these verbs. Can't you understand their meaning and function? I hope you can. If not, don't hesitate to ask me questions. Just remember that ing forms may be either noun (subject, object or complement) or adjective (modifying a noun/pronoun) but the past participle form is always adjective.
Note: Remember that only verbs and prepositions have objects. For example:A. I like reading novels. B. I am fond of reading novels. C. He is meditating.  In A, 'reading' is object to verb like; but in B, 'reading' is object to the preposition of. And in C, 'meditating' is complement to the verb is.

That's all for now guys. Good night and sweet dreams.

Hi guys. good evening. I hope you're all ok and doing fine. We've already discussed a good number of grammar items. Now let's talk about the uses of 'non-finite' verbs. You know verbs are mainly of two kinds: finite and non-finite. Finite verbs are tense-based and are used as such. But non-finite verbs have nothing to do with tenses. Look below and try to understand the contexts of their uses.
Going uphill was very difficult. A rolling stone gathers no moss.  
Carefully note that both going and rolling have been derived from the verbs go and roll. But their use here is different. Going (=go+ing) is now a noun, subject to the verb is but rolling (=roll+ing) is an adjective, modifying stone.
Note: When the ing form of a verb acts as a noun, it's gerund; but when it acts as an adjective, it's a participle, though they look the same. These are present participles and such participles are called 'participial adjectives'.
Now look at another kind of participle.  Look below:
We felt insulted at his behavior. A burnt child dreads the fire.
Here, insulted (past participle of the verb insult) and burnt (past participle of the verb burn) are both acting as adjectives. These are also called participial adjectives.
This is all for now guys. We'll discuss more uses of these two kinds of non-finite verbs next time. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.

Good evening friends. I was away from Dhaka. However, let's now talk about writing dialogues. Look below:
C.I.: Good morning, sir, can I help yu?
Me: I have a booking on this flight; here is my ticket and passport.
C.I.: Thank you, sir. Here is yor boarding pass and luggage tag.
With the custom officer (CO):
C.O.Do you have anything to declare for taxes, sir?
Me: No, not this time.
C.O.: Ok, you can go.
With the immigration officer (IO):
I.O.: Can I see your passport, sir?
Me: Oh! here it is. And this is the embarkation form.
I.O.: But you don't have a visa.
Me: Don't worry. I'll get it at the airport.
I.O.:Ok then. Have a nice journey.
With the security officer (SO):
S.O.: Could you pass through this security door, please?
Me: Sure.
S.O.: What is that round thing you've in your handbag, sir?
 Me: That is my table clock. I carry it everywhere I go.
S.O.: Ok, sir. You can go.
Me: Thank you.
Well friends, who do you think this dialoge is about? Yes, this is a dialogue at the airport between a passenger of a flight and the custom inspector, the passenger and the immigration officer and also the security officer.
That's all for now friends. Good night and sweet dream.

Good evening fiends. How r u? Last time we talked about the adverbs of frequency and their uses and placement. Tonight, let's see how another kind of adverbs - called sentence adverbs - can be used. Look below:
He did not study hard. Consequently, he failed.
He is always unmindful to his duties in the office. Evidently, he has to suffer.
They met with a serious accident on the way. Fortunately, none got badly hurt.
We have been trying our best to solve the problem but nothing is coming out. Hopefully, our teacher is coming to help us.
In the above sentences, you can understand that Consequently, Evidently, Fortunately and Hopefully have come before a sentence to establish a link between the two sentences. They are also modifying the sentences that follow. That's why they are called sentence adverbs. 
Again look below:
You want to write a problem essay. Firstly, you have to describe the nature of the problem. Secondly, its cause. Thirdly, its effect and fourthly, remedies. Then, you can write a conclusion.
The same is in the case of Firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly and then. They connect sentences, both the preceding and the following.
That's all for now guys. Comment on this post if you will. Good night and sweet dreams.

Hi friends, how r u? Last night we talked about framing/forming/comstructing sentences. (We can say 'making sentences' as well.) We also discussed the use of adverbs of manner, of time, of place and of degree/extent in the sentence but we did not discuss another very necessary adverb, adverbs of frequency. Tonight let's discuss the use of the adverb of frequency*. Look below:
A. He is alsways/often late for school. We are never unmindful to our duties.
B. They often go to the cinema. He frequently comes here. It seldom rains in winter.
C We should never neglect our duties. Have you ever gone to the zoo? I shall never do it again.
Observe carefully that the words in bold letters indicate how many times the action happens i. e. the 'frequency' of the action. They may be either positive or negative. Look below:
Positive: always/ often/ frequently/ ever
Negative: never/seldom/hardly/scarcely
N.B.:- Note carefully that the adverb of frequency follows any form of the verb BE (as in A) and the first HV (as in C) but precedes the MV where there is no HV.(as in B)
That's all for now. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.

We've discussed a good number of items relating to grammar and vocabulary. Now let's see how we can frame/form/construct sentences. The method is simple. The basic structure of a sentence in English is as follows:
Subject + Verb + Extn* [This extension may be a complement* or an object.]
 HeShe       is       a student/happy/here. (Complement)
He/She    reads    a book. (Object)
*Complement == > Complement is what makes the sentence meaningful. Such as, if we say, 'He is.' questions arise 'What/How/Where he is.' But when we say 'a student', 'happy' or 'here', the meaning of the sentence becomes complete. So, we can say that complements are either a noun (a student), adjective (happy) or adverb (here) that helps to complete the meaning of a sentence. And we can symbolize them as Cn, Ca or Cadv.)
Now let's see how a sentence can be made to give full expression of our thought. Look below:
He is a student. (A)
He is a student of class VII. (B)
He is a student of class VII of this school. (C)
He is a meritorious student of class VII of this school. (D)
He is a very meritorious student of class VII of this school. (E)
So, you see that you can make a sentence just by putting the required words in their right places. And what is the right place/position of a 'word'? It depends which part of speech the 'word' is. If it's a noun, it comes after the verb in a statement sentence. If it's an adjective it may be used as in A, Ot it may come before a noun as in D. Again, if it's an adverb, it can be used after the verb as in A. Or it may, in most cases, come at the end of the sentence when there is an action* verb. For example: He reads slowly. She sings sweetly. They fought bravely.
N.B.:- Usually, adjective of quality + ly = adverb of manner. Such as - nice > nicely. brave > bravely, sweet > sweetly.
Of course adverbs are of several kinds; such as adverbs of manner (how something is done), adverbs of time (when something is done), adverbs of place (where something is done), adverbs of degree (to indicate how much the adverbs of manner done). Usually, these different kinds of adverbs are used as follows. Observe carefully.
He does his lessons attentively. (manner)
He does his lessons very attentively. (degree)
He does his lessons in the morning very attentively. (time)
He does his lessons at home very attentively. (place)
By the way, there is another kind of adverb called adverb of frequency which we'll discuss later.
That's all for now friends. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and good bye.

Uses of some more commonly used verbs

wait, measure, weigh, step, fly, bring, sing, catch, drop

Hi friends, good evening. We've already learnt a good number of verbs that come to our day to day use. Now carefully observe the use of a number of more such verbs. Look below:
After a long walk we got thristy. I asked one of my friend to bring a glass of water from the nearby house. The rest of us waited till his return. He returned quite a few minutes after with a big melon. Munir asked, 'Well, how much does it weigh?' Habib said, 'How can we measure it? We don't have a scale here.' I said, 'Drop it. We have to go a long way. I cannot walk any more. I want to catch a bus from the nearby bus-stop.' At my word, my friends stepped forward. Just then a bird flew past over our head chirping merrily. Getting excited, Rubi started to sing a song. We became enthusiastic and increased our steps. We had to catch the earliest bus.
That's all for now, friends. Feel free to ask any question. It'll be better if you learn the 5 forms [base (Vb), present (V), present participle (V+ing), past (Vp) and past participle (Vpp)] of each verb. 

Hi friends, how r u? We've discussed a good number of verbs that come to our day to day use. In fact there are around 150 such verbs which we use almost everyday. Among them about a half has been talked about. Now let's talk about some more of them. Observe the following verbs in different contexts.
      open, close, shut, uncover, unearth.
Open at page 50 of your book. Open the gate. Open the door.
Shut your mouth! Shut the door. Shut up! The shop has been shut down.
Close the door. Close this chapter. Close up your speech.
The investigator uncovered the truth. 
The treasure buried underground was uncovered.
The machination behind this gross crime was uncovered. 
The secret was unearthed by the enquiry officer.
Note carefully the use of the above verbs. Remeber that open, uncover, unearth or close and shut bear almost the same meaning, yet we cannot use them at random.
That's all for now guys. Feel free to ask questions if any. Good night and sweet dreams.

Hi friends. How r u? I observe some people are so worried about TENSE. In fact tense is very important though learning TENSE is not at all difficult. Let's discuss how we can learn TENSE with little care. Observe the following carefully: (Let's see what happens with the verb DO in different tenses.)
Tense         Simple              Continuous             Perfect             Perfect Continuous
Present         do               am/are/is doing    have/has done     have/has been doing
Past             did               was/were doing      had       done              had been doing
Future  shall do               shall be    doing    shall have done           !!!!!!!!!
             will  do                will be   doing       will have done  

From the above you can well understand that continuous tenses have the +ing form and perfect tenses have the past participle form of the MV (Main Verb). And what about the Past simple? The MV changes only into its past form.
And now when shall we use which TENSE?  Just imagine you are standing right here and it's PRESENT. Your back is PAST and your front is FUTURE. The action running is continuous and the action finished is perfect. The action that started some time in the past and still continuing is Perfect continuous. Note the HVs (Helping Verbs) carefully. In continuous, perfect and perfect continuous tenses the MVs remain unchanged but only the HVs change.
Here are some examples. Read them carefully.
I was in class VII last year.  ----- Past Simple
I am in class VIII this year.  ----- Present Simple
I shall be in class IX next year. -- Future Simple
The fan was moving yesterday. ---- Past Continuous
The fan is moving today.  ----------- Present Continuous
The fan will be moving tomorrow.--Future Continuous.
That's all for now friends. We hope to discuss Perfect tenses next time because they are a bit difficult. Feel free to ask questions. Good night and sweet dreams.

sleep, doze, snore, slumber, wake, awaken, yawn, dream

Hi friends, how are you? We've been talking about a number of sets of verbs and their uses in real life situation. Tonight also, let's talk about another set of verbs we use in the following situation. Observe carefully.
I was reading a spy-story book. After some time I began to yawn and felt to be dozing. And I didn't know when I fell asleep. It was a deep slumber and I dreamt a scary dream. I saw some monster was chasing me and I was trying to run away from it as fast as I could but my legs failed to carry me. I fell flat on the ground and smashed my face. I groaned in pain in sleep when my sister awoke me up. Being bathed in sweat I woke up from bed.  
That's all for now. Feel free to ask question. Good night and sweet dreams.

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Good evening friends. Last night we talked about the contexts in which we use imperative sentences. Now let's discuss in which situation we use optative (= wish) sentences. Look below:
You gave a 5-taka note to an old woman. She said, "May Allah bless you."
Again,
You are going to sit for the final examination. Mother said, "May Allah grant you grand success."
The sentences within "--" are optative (= wish) sentences. Speeches expressing wishes usually start with May and sometimes, also without May. For example: God bless you.

Now,  Such speeches are also called wishes, as ---

I wish I could be there to help you. I wish I were so rich as to help you.
To be brief, any speech expressing wish is an optative sentence.
Exclamations:
Exclamation is what we utter to exppress sudden feelings. It may be joy, admiration, sorrow, happiness, surprise or astonishment, wonder, anger, disgust/hate etc. Look below:
Hurrah! we have won the game. (joy) Bravo! you have won. (admiration) Alas! I am undone. (sorrow) Ah! at last we have reached our goal. (happiness) What* a beautiful bird it is! (wonder)
How* sweet a girl you are! (admiration) You did it! (surprise/astonishment) What a fool you are! (disgust) Fie! you are a thief. (hate) What! how dare you! (anger)
Observe carefully that exclamations are made by either putting what, how,  or such exclamatory words as Alas, Fie, Ah, Oh etc. are words of exclamation, expressing different feelings such as has been shown in the brackets.
* Observe carefully the use of What and How as introductory words of exclamation. Both what and how take an adjective after them; but the construction is What a + Adj, but How + Adj + a.
That's all for now. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.

Good evening friends. Yesternight we talked about a few difficulties in determining tense and suggested solutions thereto. Now let's discuss how to change one type of sentence into another. We've already learnt that sentences are of five kinds; viz, statement (assertive), interrogative, imperative, optative and exclamatory. Now let's see how they can be interchanged. Look below:
I am going home. He has gone home. We shall go home. I can do it. (statement)
Am I going home? Has he gone home? Shall we go home? Can I do it? (question)
Now see that just by putting the HV (=helping verb) before the agent/subject, a statement can be changed into a question. All sentences starting with an HV can be changed in the same way. Look below again:
We have been playing football for an hour. (statement)
Have we been playing football for an hour? (question)
N.B.:- When there are more than one HV, put the first before the agent/subject.
Now, what can we do ifthere is no HV? Look below:
We/You go home. He goes home. He did it. (statements)
Do* we/you go home? Does* he go home? Did* he do it? (question)
* When there is no HV, 'do' in the present and 'did' in the past tense is put before the subject to make questions.
Now let's see how questions can be made with question-words and for what purpose. Look below:
He is at home now. (statement)
Who is at home now? (question - to ask about a person)
I went home. (stement)
Where did I go? (question - to ask about place)
I want a book. (statement)
What do I want? (question - to ask about a thing)
I went to school at 10.00 a.m. (statement)
When did* I go to school? (question - to ask about time)
I did the job easily. (statement)
How did I do the job? (question - to ask about the manner of doing the job)
I work for money. (statement)
Why do I work? (question - to ask about reason/cause)
From the above statements and questions you can easily understand how to ask questions about persons, place, time, manner and reason and how to answer them.
That's all for now. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.
For convenience, go to my blog S.Ali's Monologue => http://sardarsali-bangladeshtour-blogpost.com

Good evening friends. We've discussed quite a good number of items in EnglishGuru posts. Now let's disecuss a few tense-related topics which you might find useful. For example many think it difficult to differentiate between present continuous and present perfect continous and also present perfect and past tense. There may also be problems in understanding the differce between past and past perfect tenses. Now let's discuss them one by one. Look below:
I have taken my breakfast. ( Present perfect - I have taken breakfast just now)
I took my breakfast. (Past simple - I took breakfast some time in the past, may be 2/3 hours or more)
Again,
I am reading this book. (I am in the act of reading - not finished yet)
but -- I have been reading this book for* two hours.(=> I started reading this book some time (say, two hours) ago and am still reading it.
I have been reading this book since* 12.00 noon.
* for indicates period of time and since indicates point of time.
From the above two sentences, you can easily understand that when some 'action' starts some time in the past and continues when it's being reported, it becomes 'present perfect continous' tense. It means continuous tense becomes perfect continuous when time is mentioned or understood. For example:
We are playing football. (=> we are in the act of playing)
but --We have been playing football for an hour. (time is mentioned)
but -- He looks very tired. In answer to our question he replies (that) he has been working in his garden. (time though not mentioned, we understand that he has been working for long.)
The same thing happens in the case of past simple, past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses. Look below:
We went home. (simple past - only indicates that our 'action' happened in the past.
We had gone home before the rain began. (two actions happened; but the one happened first, is put in the past perfect and the latter, in the simple past tense. Here also time is mentioned or understood )
You could not find me there because I had gone home..(time is understood)
We had played before the rain began. (both actions happened in the past and were complete)
but -- We had been playing when the rain began. (we started our game some time ago and we were still plying when the rain began)
N.B.:- It's to be kept in mind that in the perfect continous tenses, time is always mentioned or understood.
That's all for now guys. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.
For convenience, go to S.Ali's Monologue -> http://sardarsali-bangladeshtour-blogpost.com

Good evening friends. Last night we talked about conjunctions  and their uses. Now let's discuss a few more conjunctions and their uses. Look below:
either --- or, neither ---- nor, both --- and
Either he or his brother is guilty. (alternative - either he is guilty or his brother is guilty)
Neither he nor his brother is guilty. (alternative - negative of either  - or)
He is both poet and politician. (meaning 'and'/'also')
as ---- so, so ----as, than, so --- that, 
As you sow, so shall you reap. (indicative of result)
He is not so tall as his brother (is)*. (cmparison)
He is taller than his brother (is tall)*
* The bracketed part need not be written/spoken. It's rather understood.
so + adjective + that
He was so tired that he could hardly stand. (indicative of result/consequence)
=> He is extremely tired and as a result, he can hardly stand.
There are  a few other connectives which we use to maintain a kind of congruity or relevance to the previous speeches. Look below:
He did not study hard, consequently, he failed.
We were shocked to hear that he had failed. Obviously, it was beyond our expectation.
He picked a quarrel with his boss and at a stage scuffled with him. Thus he ruined his chance of getting a promotion.
Observe carefully that the bold words (consequently, obviously, thus) have been used to link the two sentences to maintain 'coherence'. These are also a kind of connectives or better say, connectors.
Good evening friends. Last night we talked about conjunctions and their uses. Now let's discuss a few more conjunctions and their uses. Look below: either --- or, neither ---- nor, both --- and Either he or his brother is guilty. (alternative - either he is guilty or his brother is guilty) Neither he nor his brother is guilty. (alternative - negative of either - or) He is both poet and politician. (meaning 'and'/'also') as ---- so, so ----as, than, so --- that, As you sow, so shall you reap. (indicative of result) He is not so tall as his brother (is)*. (cmparison) He is taller than his brother (is tall)* * The bracketed part need not be written/spoken. It's rather understood. so + adjective + that He was so tired that he could hardly stand. (indicative of result/consequence) => He is extremely tired and as a result, he can hardly stand. There are a few other connectives which we use to maintain a kind of congruity or relevance to the previous speeches. Look below: He did not study hard, consequently, he failed. We were shocked to hear that he had failed. Obviously, it was beyond our expectation. He picked a quarrel with his boss and at a stage scuffled with him. Thus he ruined his chance of getting a promotion. Observe carefully that the bold words (consequently, obviously, thus) have been used to link the two sentences to maintain 'coherence'. These are also a kind of connectives or better say, connectors. That's all for now friends. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.That's all for now friends. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.

More about Prepositions and their uses

EnglishGuru - Connectives
Good evening friends. I'm back! We've already talked about various uses of prepositions. Now let's talk about another part of speech - Conjunction. But no; let's talk about 'connectives' - which may sound unfamiliar to many. Yes, connectives are very useful to make large speeches i,e, sentences. They are also known as linking words. They are of two kinds mainly; viz, Relatives and Conjunctions. Let's discuss them one by one.
Relatives: Relatives are as follows:
Karim is the boy who came here yesterday. (who - relative pronoun)
I know Karim whose father worksin a bank. (whose - relative pronoun)
He said what I could not hear. (what - relative pronoun)
It was Rahim whose pen I borrowed. (whose - relative adjective modifying pen)
We don't go out while it rains. (while - relative adverb indicating time.)
I was watching TV when he came. (when - relative adverb indicating time)
Conjunctions: Conjunctions are chiefly of two kinds; viz, Co-ordinating and Subordinating conjunctions. Again, co-ordinating conjunctions are of four kinds. Look below:
We went there and (we) saw a tragic scene. (and -  joiner of two sentences)
He is rich but (he is) unhappy. (but - disjunctive, indicating contrast)
Read hard or/otherwise you will fail. (or/otherwise - alternative)
He studied hard so he succeeded. (so - result)

Subordinating connectives: Look below:
We failed to reach there in time as/since there was traffic jam in the road. (cause)
(Al)Though he tried his best, he could not succeed. (though - contrast)
We shall stay at home if it rains. (if - condition)
You were scolded because you made a mistake. (because - cause)
We play football till it is evening. (till - indicating time)
We played until it was dusk. (until - indicating time)
N.B.:- before, after, since, when, and while also indicate time.
That's all for now friends. We'll talk about a few more connectives next time. Feel free to ask any question. Good night and sweet dreams.

Good evening friends. Last night we talked about a few more prepositions and their uses. Now let's talk about more uses of some prepositions.
at/in/on
He is at home. but - He is in the house.
We are at the station. but - We are in/on the train.
She is on her bicycle. but - She is in her blue dress.
A calender is hanging on the wall. but - There is a nail in the wall.
There were many people in the shop. but - Turn left at the next shop.
A steamer is peddling in the Buriganga. but - Ahsan Manjil stands on the Buriganga.
There was a serious accident in the road. but - There are many many vehicles running on the road.
Now let's talk about how prepositions can also be used as adverbs. In fact prepositions used adverbially are called adverb particles. Look below:
He rode on a bicycle. (preposition) But, he went on. (adverb particle)
We went down the lane. (preposition) But, a stone came rolling down. (adverb particle)
Jack and Jill went up the hill. (preposition) But, a fireball went up. (adverb particle)
That's all for now. Feel free to ask any question. Good night. Sweet dreams.

Good evening friends. Last night we talked about the uses of a few prepositions. Now let's discuss a few more of them. Look below and carefully observe the context of their uses.
at/on/in/by (time)
We come to school at 10.00 a.m. (Time)
Our school is closed on Fridays. (Day/date)
We hope to finish the job in a week/month. (Week/month)
Bangladesh became independent in 1971. (Year)
We reached home by noon. (Around)
by/with
It was done BY him. (by a person)
He killed the snake with a stick. (with a thing)
He swore BY God. (Oath)
The man lives BY cultivation. (Occupation)
Sit BY me. (Side)
about/around
It is about noon. (nearness)
He is about to die. (Almost)
We reached our destination around 5 o'clock. (near)
between/among
Distribute the toffees between the two girls.
Distribute the mangoes among the girls. (more than two)
on time/in time
The train is running on time. (not late, just in time)
He came for dinner in time. (soon enough)
at the end/ in the end
He came at the end of this month. (later part of the month)
He accepted defeat in the end. (at last)
for/since/while
It's been raining for two hours. (period of time)
It's been raining since morning. (point of time)
We don't go out while it rains. (during the period)
behind/before/against
Stand behind me. (at the back of)
She stood before me like a statue. (in front of)
You stood against all odds. (opposite)
beyond/through/across/along
They suffer beyond measure. ( out of limit)
We were going through the forest.
He ran across the field.
Go along the road for 500 meters.
above/over/up/down
A kite was flying above our head.
A speedy car ran over the boy.
The kite is flying up in the sky.
The eagle came down with amazing speed.
for/against
I spoke for him. (in favour of)
He spoke against me. (not in favour of)
That's all for now, friends.Feel free to ask any question. Good night. Sweet dreams.Good evening friends.